The Lottery Essay - 738 Words

In â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and the historical event of blacklisting Americans during the 1950s, the authors convey that loyalty causes us to turn against others around you through symbols. In â€Å"The Lottery†, loyalty to tradition caused a society to turn on one another. â€Å"The Lottery† was an annual tradition where each head of household (the dominant male in each home) picked a slip of paper. If the piece selected had a black dot on it, you had to go through the selection process again, but this time each individual member of your family had to choose a slip out of the box. Whoever chose the black dot out of there family had won the Lottery, and would be sacrificed for a good corn season. On the seventy-seventh lottery, the†¦show more content†¦Ethel’s brother, David Greenglass was working in New Mexico on an atomic bomb. Because the Rosenbergs were communists, and their relationship with Greenglass, they were accused of passi ng information regarding the bomb to the Soviet Union, when they really did nothing wrong. Despite their desperate pleas of innocence, â€Å"President Dwight D. Eisenhower twice rejected pleas for clemency. The Rosenbergs were executed on June 19, 1953† (Reeves). The presidents allegiance is a symbol because it represents American ideas. To Eisenhower and the House of Un-American Activities Committee, communism was a threat to what the government already was. Communists were thought to support Russia, and they could not have those ideas spread around America. Eisenhower cared more about what America stood for rather than his own innocent citizens. The House of Un-American Activities Committee and Eisenhower’s loyalty to what they wanted the image and ideas of America to be was greater than their own citizens, making the decision to execute the Rosenbergs and easy one. The Rosenbergs did not do anything wrong, but in Eisenhower’s mind, just like Bill Hutchinsonâ €™s mind in â€Å"The Lottery†, they dismissed what the victims were saying and executed them. The innocent victims of both events had ideas that were never shared because people of higher authority refused to listen to them, and they both suffered from them. The higher power stuck with the traditions andShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery Essay870 Words   |  4 Pageshas a passion for something, there is an uncontrollable emotion about it. Everyone in the world is different, if it was not that way, the world would not go around. Someone may have a passion for something that another person can not stand. In â€Å"The Lottery,† there was a negative passion for people getting stoned. The emotions of others that did not get stoned were horrific for the one getting stoned to death. The father in â€Å"Without Title,† had a huge passion for hunting buffalo. The only problem wasRead More The Lottery Essay811 Words   |  4 Pagesword lottery, you probably think of winn ing a large sum of money before being stoned to death. quot; The Lotteryquot; by Shirley Jackson brings this horrible idea to life. While the overall mood of the story depicts a typical day in a small rural town, through great use of imagery and irony, one is set up for an unusual ending. Shirley Jackson uses the element of surprise. The way of the story ends is unlike anyone could predict. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The main object of The Lottery is theRead MoreThe Lottery Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesJacksons most famous short story, quot;The Lotteryquot;. Her insights and observations about man and society are disturbing; and in the case of quot;The Lottery,quot; they are shocking. quot;The themes themselves are not new, evil cloaked in seeming good, prejudice and hypocrisy, loneliness and frustration, psychological studies of minds that have slipped the bonds of realityquot; (Friedman). Literary critic, Elizabeth Janeway wrote that, quot; The Lottery makes its effect without having to stateRead MoreThe Lottery Essay705 Words   |  3 Pagesnames to a number of her characters. Can you explain the possible allusions or symbolism of some of these? Delacroix Graves Summers Bentham Hutchinson Warner Martin 5. Graves- what has to be dug after the lottery is over with Summers- The time of the year that the lottery is drawn Martin- Possibly a way to say martyr or another word for a scapegoat 6. Find at least three examples of descriptive language. 6.Three examples of descriptive language in the story are when they are describingRead More The Lottery Essay946 Words   |  4 Pages The Message Sent in â€Å"The Lottery† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The shock value of Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† is not only widely known, but also widely felt. Her writing style effectively allows the reader to pass a judgment on themselves and the society in which they live. In â€Å"The Lottery† Jackson is making a comparison to human nature. It is prominent in all human civilizations to take a chance as a source of entertainment and as this chance is taken, something is both won and lost. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;AsRead MoreThe Lottery Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pagessignificant role in how people live their day to day lives. In Shirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery† the people that lived in the town follow a tradition every year. Its easy to understand why Shirley Jackson’s Lottery caused controversy when it was published shortly after World War II in 1948. The Lottery has been dramatized, televised and turned into a ballet. It is taught in high schools and colleges. (Whittier). The Lottery held many questions about traditions that have become questionable. At the beginningRead MoreThe Lottery Essay714 Words   |  3 Pagesin â€Å"The Lottery†, â€Å"The Fun They Had†, and also â€Å"Eye of the Beholder.† I feel that in â€Å"The Lottery†, Tessie was right for arguing against winning the yearly tradition of the lottery. Margie was right for feeling that the past schools were better in â€Å"The Fun They Had†, and Janet was right for contrasting herself from the others in â€Å"Eye of the Beholder.† Individuals may distinguish their interpretations on distinct feelings or statements. In â€Å"The Lottery†, a yearly tradition of a lottery takes placeRead MoreThe Lottery Essay938 Words   |  4 Pagesthe lottery, but not its exact purpose. Do the townspeople know? Is this omission significant? Intentional? No, the townspeople do not know the lottery’s exact purpose. This omission is not significant because it seems there is no point in the lottery and why these people are operating such horrid acts. It is more intentional; the townspeople are playing it safe thinking they are keeping a tradition, yet no one seems brave enough to ask why? 3. Why is much of the history of the lottery andRead MoreEssay on The Lottery777 Words   |  4 Pages Shirley Jackson’s insights and observations about man and society are reflected in her famous short story quot;The Lotteryquot;. Many of her readers have found this story shocking and disturbing. Jackson reveals two general attitudes in this story: first, the shocking reality of human’s tendency to select a scapegoat and second, society as a victim of tradition and ritual. Throughout history we have witnessed and participated in many events, where, in time of turmoil and hardship, society hasRead MoreThe Lottery Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pagesbeginning of Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery,† the village congregates in the square on the â€Å"clear and sunny† (247) midsummer day of June 27th. The children are out of school, the flowers are blooming, and the grass is a vibrant green. Ursula K. Le Guin’s short story â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas,† begins on â€Å"the Festival of Summer,† (242) which includes processions, dancing, singing, bells, and horses. Although the village in â€Å"The Lottery† and the city of Omelas appear pleasant and

The Fact or Meaning of Forgiveness in The Kite Runner by...

Before I begin to even attempt to write this paper I just want to start off by covering the fact or meaning of forgiveness or being forgiven. In my life personally there have been numerous occasions on which I have either been forgiven or I have either been forgiven or I have had to forgive someone else. I am here to tell you that it is not easy to be in either of those positions. I say this because whether you are the one who is being forgiven or you are the one who is forgiving someone else despite of who it is you are always in the spot light. I know that you are probably saying that it is good to be in the spotlight but just because it is shining it does not mean it is glistening and just because it is good does not mean that it is†¦show more content†¦In the place that the story takes place family is most important. They have a tradition where if you have no respect for your family then your code of honor is destroyed. Just like all the other cultures if you have no ho nor then you are basically considered as an outcast. Amir and his father went through some very difficult times but as individuals Amirs father was basically disappointed to have Amir as his son so their relationship was kind of fractured. They did not get along very well. Amir tried his best but his whole life to fix something that was not even his fault. He was looked at as being a failure and his father even at a point in time considered him as a murderer. When Amir was born, his mother passed away while she was giving birth to him. So it changed his life forever. He did not have a mother all of his life. â€Å"It may be unfair, but what happens in a few days, sometimes even a single day, can change the course of a whole lifetime...† This quote matches perfectly with what happened with the characters in the book. One thing which is his mother died while giving birth to him changed his life forever. â€Å"It always hurts more to have and lose than to not have in the first place.† If he had lost his mother when he got older it would have hurt him way more than it hurts him when he did not even know his mother. Amir’s main goal and issue

A Feministic Reading Of Donnes Poetry English Literature Essay Free Essays

To analyze seventeenth century literature, one can barely overlook John Donne and to read done literature, one can non ignore his love sonnets through which Donne ‘s position of love and how he viewed the adult females of his clip, as the object of this love, can be scrutinized absolutely. However, one facet remains changeless ; Donne seldom lingers over the adult female ‘s physical visual aspect, and leaves the reader to presume that the adult female in Donne ‘s verse form is a shady figure, the object or contemplation of male desire, or a sex object to be circulated for the exhilaration and amusement of Donne ‘s male groups. Beauty was merely a thing that happened by opportunity and is accordingly, as Donne concludes, of no existent worth. We will write a custom essay sample on A Feministic Reading Of Donnes Poetry English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not merely was beauty of no existent worth, but neither were the females themselves. These ideals were set forth chiefly by mediaeval and early-modern Christians, who found several justifications for adult females ‘s lower status in the narratives of Genesis and the New Testament ; 1 ) adult female was created after adult male, and hence adult male must be more perfect ; 2 ) Eve ‘s function in the autumn suggests pride, that she was governed by passions, and that adult females ‘s beauty and gender made them possible corrupters of adult male ; 3 ) adult females were clearly expected to be subservient to their hubbies ; and 4 ) as the ‘weaker vas, ‘ adult females possessed non merely less physical, but less mental strength than work forces. Though there were so many statements against the female sex, the female physical ( non needfully sexual ) organic structure and psyche was held in the highest respect, particularly the abovementioned thought of the female as â€Å" vas. † John Donne expanded this thought in his poesy, composing about adult females in a manner that degraded their physical organic structure, their mental and emotional capablenesss, and their relation to the male sex. Women, in John Donne ‘s eyes were seen as a necessary portion of the male-female, body-soul connexion but were unsafe every bit good. Womans, in the 16th and 17th centuries were believed to transport merely every bit much truth – and secrecy – as work forces. Womans were vass that could be filled ( with anything ) ; this capacity non merely made adult females appealing, but made them unbelievable agents of any force, good or bad. The relationship between organic structure and psyche, a relationship Donne regarded as one of common necessity, was the specifying bond of his life. His experiences ( of friendly relationship, love, wellness, unwellness, work, leisure ) were all conditioned by the interactions between the two parts of the ego. As a poet and a curate, the physical and the religious, the male and the female, the layman and the Godhead were inexorably linked for Donne, and were ever carried into his poesy. To obtain farther grounds of how Donne, every bit good as his talkers, views the female organic structure, one must look closely at his poesy ; for illustration, Donne ‘s verse form â€Å" Air and Angels. † This verse form addresses the struggle of Love within the spirit and the organic structure. The verse form begins: â€Å" Twice or thrice had I loved thee, / Before I knew thy face or name ; / So in a voice, so in a shapeless fire † ( 1-3 ) In another verse form, â€Å" The Extasie, † Donne states that â€Å" Our soules, ( which to progress their province, / ere gone out, ) hung ‘twixt her, and mee./ And whil’st our soules negotiate at that place, / Wee like sepulchral statues ballad † ( 15-18 ) . Asserting this anterior belief that souls/spirits can go forth the organic structure to mix with other psyches, Donne carries this belief to the lines in â€Å" Air and Angels. † Possibly how he ‘met ‘ his lover, their psyches negociating far from their physical organic structures, Donne ‘s talker in â€Å" Air and Angels † believes his spirit met his lover ‘s spirit ( a voice or shapeless fire ) while their organic structures lay elsewhere. Despite the talker ‘s declaration that the female was disembodied and â€Å" shapeless, † and merely as psyches are required to take a organic structure, the talker needs to concentrate upon the human signifier ( as simply an empty outline/container ) in order to make full it with whatever he chooses, in this instance his love. The female lover addressed is the concrete incarnation required to finish this relationship. The talker describes the determination of the physical being and their first meeting in the 5th line: â€Å" Still when, to where 1000 wert, I came, / Some lovely glorious nil did I see † ( 5-6 ) . When the talker came ( physically ) to where his female lover was, a â€Å" glorious nil † did he see. This interesting line becomes a sexual wordplay sing the female genital organ. If we look back at Galenic theories of foetal development, ( Galen, a outstanding Roman doctor, philosopher, and accomplished medical research worker ) we find that 2nd century doctors believed that the female was an inferior version of the male. Despite multiple grounds for this, one ground was universally accepted ; the female was an â€Å" undercooked † male for the parts that are indoors in adult female are outside in man.The outgrowth of the phallus in male foetuss was an look of â€Å" doneness † in foetal development. Since the vagina remained inside the female foetus, Galen a nd co-workers understood this to intend the female foetus was non â€Å" done. † Therefore, the female genital organ were nil, a â€Å" glorious nil, † and an interestingly present absence. As a consequence, the talker supposes that he must make full that empty infinite, that absence, within this lover ‘s organic structure. He utters, â€Å" Since my psyche, whose kid, love is/ Takes limbs of flesh and else could nil make † ( 7-8 ) . Because the kid of the psyche is Love, Love needs a corporeal organic structure ; a place. Love must take a organic structure, so the talker asks Love to â€Å" presume thy organic structure, I allow, / And repair itself in thy lip, oculus, and forehead † ( 12-14 ) . Her organic structure is the container for Love, and the talker must come to acknowledge and love her physically. Other footings throughout the verse form that suggest her organic structure is simply a container are â€Å" ballast † and â€Å" tender † ( a little boat ) as in: â€Å" Whilst therefore to ballast love I thought, / And so more steadily to hold gone, / With wares which would drop esteem, / I saw I had love ‘s tender overfraught † ( 15-18 ) . In the verse form, Donne expresses that the talker ‘s love is excessively much for the female ; that he invades her and â€Å" love ‘s tender is overfraught † ( 18 ) . What should hold been a stabilising weight ( Love ) was emotionally unwieldy for the bantam vas. The talker had intended to stabilise love ‘s boat with wares which would drop an undistinguished ship of mere esteem, but alternatively had overloaded even Love ‘s ship ( a more powerful abstraction than mere esteem ) , unbalancing the really Love which he meant to maintain safe. The concrete and physical specifics were excessiv ely overpowering for human love, which can non inhere ( be portion of something natural and built-in ) in discorporate liquors. Here, Donne reasserts his passionate belief that one can be neither merely affair nor merely spirit ; one must capture both. Therefore, neither can Love happen its permanency in â€Å" nil, † nor in the appendage or glare of passion or beauty as the talker states, â€Å" For, nor in nil, nor in things/ Extreme, and dispersing bright, can love inhere † ( 21 ) ( Nutt 24 ) . In the concluding lines: â€Å" Merely such disparity/ As is ‘twixt air ‘s and angel ‘s pureness, / ‘Twixt adult females ‘s love, and work forces ‘s, will of all time be † ( 26-28 ) , Donne stresses the Elizabethan sentiment that there will everlastingly be a duality between a adult male and a adult female ‘s love. A adult female ‘s is more fugitive and sacred, yet harder to capture and more widely sought after, hence, le ss â€Å" bodily † and more â€Å" spirit-like. † These factors besides make her love less stable. A delicate balance is required to non merely maintain Love afloat, but to non overburden it every bit good ; even the most carefully placed, but lopsided ballast can easy tip the tender of Love. In â€Å" Air and Angels, † the female organic structure is highly misunderstood, and described as a mere container for Love to busy. Although look up toing adult female for her ownership of a sacred and widely sought-after Love, the full verse form relies upon the female signifier and the fact that it is uninhabited and can easy be filled with a assortment of things. The transforming regard of the witness, need non be constrained by an being outside the organic structure. In imaginativeness at any rate, it might be possible to sail into the organic structure which could therefore look as a topographic point of infinite infinite, a topographic point with infinite possibilities ( 140 ) . Sadly, this filling is non done of her ain will, but of the male talker ‘s ; she must digest his use and idealistic position of love, and addition nil in return save an overfraught tender. And in Donne ‘s verse forms, we seldom hear the female voice, or learn of Love from the female position. In the bulk of Donne ‘s verse forms, the talker is male, and the audience is preponderantly male. John Donne was a clique poet, significance that he wrote to a choice group of close friends, most likely poets themselves. Writing in an epoch where a female was deemed a lesser being than a male, Donne was entirely following the conventions used by other coterie poets by composing misogynous Hagiographas about adult females from a hypermasculine point-of-view. And though he seldom wrote about Love itself, he did compose about Love in the sense that it was an abstract male-female connexion. Work cited The Norton Anthology of English Literature Volume one, Sixth edition. Abjadian, A. A study of English Literature. Tehran ; 2006. www.wikipedia.com How to cite A Feministic Reading Of Donnes Poetry English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Judy L. Graves Essay Example For Students

Judy L. Graves Essay April 26, 2004HIST 300 Motivations for a Southern DreamAntebellum American culture was defined by the notion of ManifestDestiny. Americans felt that it was her divine right to expand borders andspread her form of democracy. After the war with Mexico and the annexationof Texas, American dreams of the economic prosperity to be attained bygaining more land became more prominent. The United States governmenttried purchasing lands to the south, particularly Cuba, from Europeanpowers. Some American citizens could not wait for negotiations and began,what was then called, filibustering. Private militias of American citizensinvaded South American countries with dreams and ambitions. The U.S. hadbeen at peace with Central America since the end of the Mexican wars andthese movements only caused chaos with foreign policies, thus it was madeillegal to filibuster. Despite the repercussions many men from all overthe U.S., of all ages, and classes still gathered arms and joined the ranksto fight in these filibuster movements. Motivated by economic ambitions Americans insisted on expanding itsboarders. The weak condition of Mexico after the overthrow of Santa Annain 1855 made annexation appealing.1 Routes to the pacific could be madequicker with use of the state. Duff Greens railroad idea linkingWashington with the Pacific coast through Mexico City was one ideaprovoking expansionists. Another was the plan for a railway or canalacross the Isthmus of Theuantepec to compete with central American routesto the pacific.2 Trade in the pacific was important and commercialcareers were being built every day. Industrialization in the east requiredmore urban sprawl. Most of the recruiting offices for the movement were based in majorcities ripe with unemployed, immigrants and ambitious young men. Theavailability of docks, shipping and capital in the major port cities suchas New Orleans and New York made them great starting points for manymovements.3 Lopez began his movement to liberate Cuba in New York afterhe was exiled there. Lopezs Round Island plot in 1849 gathered numerousurban youth easily from New Yorks abundance of unemployed. New Orleans was abundant with recruiters for William Walkers forceseasily intriguing young men with no prospects of their own. During the pre-Civil War period, Americas urban population increased about three times asfast as the countrys population as a whole.4 Skilled workers and theirapprentices, now unemployed due to industrialization, were ready for anyopportunity. Youthful males migrated to the cities in search of employmentand with secrecy joined filibuster movements. Many young men hid theirintentions to join from their parents. James C. Picketts son was linked tofilibustering movements, an embarrassment to him. Pickett later publiclydenounced any involvement and claimed to not care as to whether theysucceeded in their ventures. Some parents were proud of their children. Awell-known planter in Mississippi, F.L. Claiborne, offered up his son to aQuitman expedition in Cuba.5 Reasons vary, but the majority of menjoining these movements were under the age of 25 and many of them die d fora cause that they may not have believed in but were driven to support dueto their own personal struggles. The amount of younger males outweighed theolder in the militias. In a letter shared with the Fillmore administrationan older soldier of a filibustering movement claimed that many of theyounger men simply joined because they were under age to join the U.S. military.6Immigrants were on the low end of the wage scale and faced muchdiscrimination in the job market were driven to joining the militias.7Most immigrants who joined were starving and living on the streets. It isalso speculated that many immigrants fled to the U.S. in exile from theEuropean revolutions of 1848 and joined to regain the glory of their formermilitary or political careers. Louis Schlesinger, a officer in LouisKossuths failed Hungarian rebellion against Austrian rule, became one ofthe most publicized of the revolutionary exiles who took upfilibustering.8 Charles Frederick Henningsen was an Englishman whofought with the Carlists in Spain, then for Hungarian independence in 1849,and finally drifted to Central America to join Walker in 1856. Henningsenbecame one of Walkers generals and was purely seeking adventure.9 Menwith military experience were very welcomed by Narcisco Lopez and WilliamWalker in their expeditions.10In the west there was a labor surplus of failed min ers from the GoldRush in California.11 One of the most notable was David Deaderick whojoined William Walker on his mission to Nicaragua after failing as a goldminer in California. Deadrick, like many others, used an alternate name. He published his memoirs in the Atlantic Monthly aptly titled Theexperience of Samuel Absolom, Filibuster.12 In his memoir he describesthe increasing class stratifications in California and that men are judgedaccordingly. He was offered land and a large sum to join Walker inNicaragua.13 At the time it was an offer that he could not refuse. Deaderick wanted to prove that inward character counts more thanappearance in determining a mans fate, in a time that there was a crisisin American culture between character and appearance. Hamlet - A Comparison To Humanity Essay20Imperialistic motivations in Manifest Destiny encouraged men as earlyas 1814 when John H. Robinson led a group of filibusters in to Texasstating that U.S. citizens have a right to migrate where ever they wish andit is beyond the governments power to prevent them.21 Robinson supportedJames Longs later ambitions toward annexing Texas in 1819 when Longlaunched his own filibuster movement in spite of the Adams-Onis Treaty. His contemporaries viewed the treaty as an injustice because it surrenderedAmerican claims to Texas.22It was believed that the inferior cultures of the south were incapableof self-government. John H. Wheeler, U.S. Minister to Nicaragua in 1854,firmly believed that the United States was manifestly destinedtoguide the people of those areas toward decent government and a betterlife.23Many of Walkers men in Nicaragua were Mexican war veterans, andmany were in Central America for all the loot, adventure, liquor andwomen they could find.24 Some of these War Veterans had nothing else todo since the army greatly reduced its size after the Mexican Wars. Enlisted men in the 1850s quickly deserted and joined Walker, Lopez, andQuitman expeditions in Central America for various reasons. Some wereglory seekers and others sought their fortune in the militias. Both Walkerand Quitman expeditions usually offered more money than the military didand offered a plot of land too. These expeditions also offered excitement. During this time of peace in the U.S. the only job for military personnelwas to protect western borders from Native American insurrections. Newspapers at this time had quit glorifying military halts to Indianrevolts and therefore quit glorifying the military. Articles focusedmainly on expansionism in Central America and the filibusters. Some menfound it more appealing to seek glory in the south than to be stationed inthe west watching Indians.25The varying reasons for joining such militias explains the popularityof the movements. The medias involvement in, first honoring filibusterthen denouncing them, made the movements both strong and weak. Thepopularization of the movement first came from the medias portrayal ofglory and riches in the Caribbean. When William Walker finally gainedcontrol of Nicaragua he was considered a hero of the South, only after here-institutionalized slavery. The reestablishment of slavery lost him allhis support in the north and any chance of the U.S. Government torecognized him as president. After the reports of death and famine reachedthe papers and the lost opportunity to purchase Cuba from Sp ain, supportbegan to crumble. The media did play a strong role in motivations, but thatwas not the only factor. Unemployment, social status, glory seeking,economics, and national security all play a role in motivating the nationto filibustering. 1 May, Robert. The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire 1854-1861. BatonRouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973. pg. 1392 May, Robert. The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire 1854-1861. Pg. 1393 May, Robert. Manifest Destinys Underworld. Chapel Hill: The Universityof North Carolina Press, 2002. Pg. 944 May, Robert. Manifest Destinys Underworld. Pg. 945 May, Robert. Manifest Destinys Underworld. Pg. 956 May, Robert. Manifest Destinys Underworld. Pg. 957 May, Robert. Manifest Destinys Underworld. Pg. 978 May, Robert. Manifest Destinys Underworld. Pg. 989 Cochran, Robert. Cold-Eyed Soldier of Fortune Who Became aPresident. Smithsonian 12 (1981): 117-12810 May, Robert. Manifest Destinys Underworld. Pg. 9811 May, Robert. Manifest Destinys Underworld. Pg. 10112 Greenberg, Amy. A Grey-Eyed Man: Character, Appearance, andFilibustering. Journal of the Early Republic 20 (2000): 673-69913 Greenberg, Amy14 Greenberg, Amy15 Greenberg, Amy16 May, Robert. The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire 1854-1861. Pgs. 19-2117 Kelley, Sean. Mexico in His Head: Slavery and the Texas-MexicoBorder. Journal of Social History 27 (2004): 709-73418 May, Robert. Young American Males and Filibustering in the Age ofManifest Destiny: The United States army as a cultural mirror. The Journalof American History 78 (Dec. 1991): 857-88619 Cochran, Robert. 20 May, Robert. The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire 1854-1861. Pg. 14121 Bradley, Ed. Filibuster James Long and the Monroe Administration.Southwestern Historical Quarterly 102 (1999): 322-34222 Bradley, Ed23 Hudson, Randall. The Filibuster Minister: The Career of John HillWheeler as United States Minister to Nicaragua, 1854-1856. North CarolinaHistorical Review 49 (1972): 280-29724 Cochran, Robert. 25 May, Robert. Young American Males and Filibustering in the Age ofManifest Destiny: The United States army as a cultural mirror.